Chapter 4 Solutions — New Beginnings: Cities and States

Questions and Activities

1. 1.
   Consider the quotation at the start of the chapter and discuss in several groups. Compare your observations and conclusions on what Kauṭilya recommends for a kingdom. Is it very different today?
2. 2.
   According to the text, how were rulers chosen in early Vedic society?
3. 3.
   Imagine you are a historian studying ancient India. What types of sources (archaeological, literary, etc.) would you use to learn more about the mahājanapadas? Explain how each source might contribute to your understanding.
4. 4.
   Why was the development of iron metallurgy so important for the growth of urbanism in the 1st millennium BCE? You may use points from the chapter but also from your knowledge or imagination.